You would be wanting sign vinyl (a lot cheaper than heat transfer vinyl, and pressure sensitive adhesive). Oracal 651 is one of the most common recommended types for general purpose applications. You would have to layer it based on how many colors are in the design.
To print on vinyl you need a solvent printer as well as a solvent acceptable vinyl (Oracal 3164 for example). The printer costs well over your budget though, and when you're at that point, it's best to just buy solvent printable banner material and eliminate vinyl from the equation.
Here's a list of some Vinyl and banner suppliers:
The World's Largest Wrap Supply Company - Fellers - Wide variety, carries a lot of the higher end stuff
Ordway Sign Supply - The Complete Source for Today's SignMaker. - Carries a variety of the commonly used items, tools, and banners. Easy online ordering and free shipping!
Sign Making, Sign Supplies, Vinyl Cutters, Sign Cutters, Vinyl Banners, Wide Format Color Printers, Laser Engravers - Has great prices and lots of different things, haven't ordered from them though because I hear lots of bad things about their customer service.
Sign Supply & T-Shirt Supply for Vinyl Cutters & Inkjet Printers - Beacon Graphics, LLC - Lots of specialty films at a great price, also has a lot of different tools.